w`bvRcy‡ii BwZnvm (cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K 1971)

W. gvmy`yj nK

cÖvPxb cyivf‚wg Ôcyʪea©bÕ I Ôe‡i›`ªf‚wgÕi ˆewkó¨gwÊZ w`bvRcyi evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-cwð‡gi me©‡kl †Rjv| 1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi c~‡e© e„nËi w`bvRcyi †Rjvi AvqZb wQj 3,948 eM©gvBj| 1984 mv‡j bZzb cÖkvmwbK web¨v‡mi d‡j w`bvRcyi AÂj wZbwU †Rjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq: w`bvRcyi, VvKziMuvI I cÂMo| ALÊ GB †Rjvi eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v 40 j‡ÿi AwaK| f‚-MVb Abyhvqx w`bvRcyi †Rjvi f‚-cÖK…wZ‡K wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q: 1) wngvjq cv`‡`‡ki cwj AÂj; 2) wZ¯Ív cøvweZ cwj AÂj Ges 3) e‡i›`ª AÂj| e„nËi w`bvRcyi †Rjvi f‚wg mvaviYfv‡e mgZj| me‡P‡q DuPz f‚wg Ô†ZuZzwjqvÕ mgy`ªc„ô †_‡K 97 wgUvi DuPz| GwU DËie‡½i me©vwaK D”PZv| †Rjvi cÖavb b`x AvÎvB, †Xcv, cybf©ev, Ki‡Zvqv, Uv½b, bvMi|

w`bvRcyi †Rjvi Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Avw`-A÷ªvj‡qW, †fwÇ&W, g‡½vjxq, Avh© Ges †m‡gwUK b„-RvwZK †Mvôxi gvbyl| G †Rjvi K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ b„-†Mvôx muvIZvj, IivIu, gyÊv, gvnvjx, gylni, gvjcvnvox, cwjqv, †KvP, ivReskx cÖf…wZ| Avh©-wn›`y I DckvLvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eªvþY, ÿÎxq, ˆek¨, k~`ª, ˆKeZ©, Kvq¯’, ZuvwZ, Kvgvi-Kzgvi cÖf…wZ Ges †m‡gwUK †Mvôx I ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ˆmq`, †kL, cvVvb, bm¨, kvn& cÖf…wZ| wn›`y mgv‡R we`¨gvb GK mgqKvi eY©‡f` cÖ_v eZ©gv‡b ZZUv cÖKU bq| gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz ewnivMZ _vK‡jI wecyj msL¨K gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx ivReskx, †KvP I wbgœ‡kªYxi wn›`y mgvR †_‡K ag©všÍwiZ| ivReskx, †KvP I cwjqv Rb‡Mvôxi ¯^Zš¿ cwiPq GKKv‡j we`¨gvb _vK‡jI Zviv GLb wn›`ya‡g© AvËxK…Z n‡q‡Q Ges wb‡R‡`i cwiPq †`q ivReskx wn‡m‡e| G †Rjvq wKQz msL¨K ˆeòe ag©vej¤^xi mvÿvr †g‡j| ag©vPi‡Y Avw`evmx I wbgœ‡kªYxi wn›`y gZvej¤^x me©cÖvYev` Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ| gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq wn›`ya‡g©i eû †jŠwKK AvPvi cvjb K‡i| †Rjvi ga¨v‡j wn›`y ag©vej¤^x‡`i Ges Ab¨Î gymwjg Awaevmx‡`i cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| mvgvwRK cÖ_v gymwjg, wn›`y I Avw`evmx †f‡` ¯^Zš¿| Z‡e bevbœ, †jvKm½xZ-†jvKbvU¨ cÖf…wZ mvs¯‹…wZK PP©v cwi‡ekbvq ag©xq e¨eavb cwijwÿZ nq bv| G †ÿ‡Î me©ag© mgš^‡qi cÖqvm jÿYxq| w`bvRcyi †Rjvi Rb‡Mvôxi g~j †ckv K…wl| e¨emv I wk‡ív‡`¨vM †Zgb GKUv †`Lv hvq bv| wkÿvi nvi cÂvk kZvs‡ki g‡Zv|

w`bvRcy‡ii bvgKi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i mwVK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e eyKvbb n¨vwgjU‡bi g‡Z, †MŠ‡oi wmsnvm‡b AbwaKvi cÖ‡ekKvix Ôw`bIqvRÕ ev ÔivRv M‡b‡kÕi m‡½ GB A‡ji m¤ú„³Zvi m~‡ÎB †Rjvi G bvgKiY| w`bvRcyi †Rjv wLª÷c~e© 4_© kZ‡K †gŠh© kvmbvaxb wQj| K‡qKRb ˆPwbK Zx_©hvÎx cyʪea©b åg‡Yi mgq wewfbœ ¯’v‡b A‡kvK-¯Í¤¢ †`L‡Z cvb| we‡klZ gnv¯’vbM‡o cyivKv‡ji eªvþx Aÿ‡i DrKxY© wjwc Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j cÖgvwYZ nq †h, G AÂj †gŠh© kvmbvaxb wQj| wLª÷xq Z…Zxq kZK †_‡K 544 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ GB AÂj ¸ß mvgªv‡R¨i Aaxb wQj e‡j HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †g‡j| †Rjvi dzjevwo Dc‡Rjvi `v‡gv`icyi MÖv‡g cÖvß cuvPwU Ges nvwKgcyi Dc‡Rjvi ˆeMÖv‡g cÖvß GKwU Zvgªwjwci g‡a¨ `yÕwU wQj cÖ_g Kzgvi¸‡ßi, `yÕwU eya¸‡ßi Ges AciwU fvby¸‡ßi kvmbvg‡ji| wLª÷xq 756 †_‡K 1162 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ G †Rjvq cvj es‡ki kvmb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Kwe mܨvKi b›`xi Ôivg PwiZgÕ Kve¨MÖš’B cvj ivRv‡`i ivR‰bwZK Aa¨vq I e‡i›`ªx m¤^‡Ü AeMZ nIqvi cÖavb Drm| G MÖ‡š’i Kwe cÖkw¯Í‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, e‡i›`ªx †`k wQj M½v I Ki‡Zvqv ga¨eZx© A‡j| GB Ki‡Zvqv mßg I A÷g kZvãx‡Z e‡i›`ªxi c~e©w`K wN‡i cÖvPxb cyʪea©‡bi c~e© mxgv w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡qwQj| GB A‡j cvj ivRviv cÖvq Pvi‡kv eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wLª÷xq Øv`k kZ‡K †mb eskxq b„cwZ‡`i Afy¨`‡qi d‡j cvj ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| GB †cÖÿvc‡U Øv`k kZvãxi ga¨fvM †_‡K 1204 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ GB A‡j †mb ivRZ¡Kvj| †mb ivRes‡ki †kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivRv wQ‡jb jÿY †mb| wZwb e„× eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib Ges Zvi ivR‡Z¡i †k‡li w`‡K wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q Ges cZ‡bi jÿY my¯úó n‡q D‡V| 1204 wLª÷v‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb †gvnv¤§` web eLwZqvi wLjRx AZwK©‡Z bI`xI [b`xqv] AvµgY K‡ib| jÿY †mb c~e© evsjvq cvwj‡q †M‡j eLwZqvi bI`xI kni AwaKvi K‡ib| 1204 †_‡K 1206 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨eZx© mg‡q wZwb w`bvRcyi †Rjvmn jL‡bŠwZ iv‡R¨i we¯—…Z AÂj Rq K‡ib| jL‡bŠwZ ivR¨ weR‡qi ci wZwb cÖ_‡g jL‡bŠwZ‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges c‡i w`bvRcy‡ii †`e‡Kv‡U [†KvwUel©/evYMo] wØZxq ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| eLwZqvi becÖwZwôZ iv‡R¨i mykvm‡bi R‡b¨ ivR¨‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M wef³ K‡ib Ges cÖ‡Z¨K fv‡M GKRb †mbvcwZ wbhy³ K‡ib| wZwb becÖwZwôZ iv‡R¨ gmwR`, LvbKvn& I gv`ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib| ga¨hyMxq evsjvi hyM m~PbvKvix wQ‡jb eLwZqvi wLjRx| 1206 wLª÷v‡ã †`e‡KvU kni †_‡K wZwb Zvi weL¨vZ wZeŸZ Awfhvb ïiæ K‡ib| GB Awfhvb e¨_© n‡j eLwZqvi wLjRx Avevi †`e‡KvU wd‡i Av‡mb Ges †mLv‡bB Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq (1206)| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci †gvnv¤§` wkivb wLjRx Ges Avjx g`©vb wLjRx, G `yB kvmbKZ©v †`e‡Kv‡UB ivRZ¡ K‡ib| cieZx© kvmbKZ©v myjZvb wMqvm-D`-`xb-B-IqvR wLjRxi kvmbKv‡ji (1212-1227) cÖ_gw`‡KI †`e‡KvUB wQj Zuvi ivRavbx Ges c‡i wZwb ivRavbx jL‡bŠwZ‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| evsjvq 1204 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g gymjgvb Avwac‡Z¨i m~PbvKvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i myjZvb wMqvm-D`-`xb-gvngy` kvn&-i ivRZ¡ mgq (1533-1538) ch©šÍ GB my`xN© Kvj‡K evsjvi ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK BwZnv‡m ÔmyjZvwb AvgjÕ e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nq| GB my`xN© mg‡q w`bvRcyi A‡ji Aax‡b †`e‡KvU †h gymjgvb Avg‡j GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Rbc` wQj Zv †mLvbKvi Avwe®‹…Z wewfbœ wkjv‡jL I aŸsmve‡kl †_‡K cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|

1538 †_‡K 1576 wLª÷v‡ã AvKe‡ii evsjv Rq ch©šÍ AvUwÎk ermi evsjv kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m AvdMvb ev cvVvb kvmbvgj e‡j cwiwPZ| evsjvq AvdMvb kvm‡bi cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb †ki Lvb m~i| †ki Lvb m~‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ AvdMvb kw³i cybiæÌv‡bi Pv‡c evsjvq û‡mb kvnx kvm‡bi Ges `xN© `yÕkZ el©e¨vcx ¯^vaxb myjZvwbÕi Aemvb N‡U| †kikv‡ni cyÎ I DËivwaKvix Bmjvg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j (1545-1553) w`bvRcyi †Rjvmn evsjv w`jøxi Aax‡b wQj| Bmjvg kvn †mB mgq kvgmDÏxb †gvnv¤§` m~i‡K evsjvi cÖkvmK wbhy³ K‡ib| 1553 wLª÷v‡ã kvgmDÏxb †gvnv¤§` m~i w`jøxi m‡½ m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i kvgmDÏxb kvn MvRx Dcvwa aviY K‡ib| Gici m~i †mbvcwZ wngy KZ…©K 1555 wLª÷v‡ã kvgmDÏxb ÔKvjcxÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Gmgq GKwU fvwUi Rwg`vi Cmv Lvb I †mvjvqgvb Kiivbx we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡ib| †mB we‡`ªv‡ni mgq w`jøxi myjZvb Bmjvg kvn m~i 1553 wLª÷v‡ãi 30†k A‡±vei ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci m~i mvgªv‡R¨i cZb ïiæ nq| 1564-1572 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ w`bvRcyimn evsjv ivRZ¡ K‡ib Kiivbx esk| 1572 †_‡K 1575 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨eZx©Kv‡j Kiivbx es‡ki †kl kvmK `vD` Lvb Kiivbx Ges gyNj †mbva¨ÿ gywbg Lv‡bi g‡a¨ fqven hy× msNwUZ nq| G hy‡× `vD` Lvb Kiivbx civwRZ nq| `vD` Lvb Kiivbxi weiæ‡× hy‡× mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ gywbg Lvb 1574 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU AvKe‡ii wbKU †_‡K ÔLvb-B-LvbvbÕ Dcvwa AR©b K‡ib| Ges Gi ga¨ w`‡qB w`bvRcyimn evsjvi AwaKvsk AÂj gyNj kvm‡bi AšÍf©y³ nq| gyNj mgªvU AvKe‡ii Avg‡j (1556-1605) mgMÖ gyNj mvgªvR¨ K‡qKwU ÔmyevÕq wef³ wQj| Ômyev-B-evsjvÕ wQj Zvig‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Ômyev-B-evsjvÕ ZLb 19wU miKvi wb‡q MwVZ| Zvig‡a¨ ZvRcyi, †NvovNvU, cvÄiv, evieKvev` I RbœZvev` (wKQz Ask), GB cuvPwU miKvi wQj eZ©gvb w`bvRcyi †Rjvi AšÍM©Z| RbœZvev` miKv‡ii Askwe‡kl fvi‡Zi M½vivgcyi I eskxnvixi Aax‡b wQj| eZ©gvb w`bvRcyi †Rjvi DËivÂj wb‡q miKvi cvÄiv, cwðgvÂj wb‡q miKvi ZvRcyi, `wÿYvÂj wb‡q miKvi evieKvev` I `wÿY-c~e©vÂj wb‡q MwVZ wQj miKvi †NvovNvU| gyNj I bevex Avg‡ji cÖ_gw`‡KI Gme ¯’v‡bi h‡_ó cÖvavb¨ wQj| w`bvRcyi bv‡g †m mgq wKQz wQj bv| †NvovNvUB wQj GKwU miKv‡ii kw³kvjx kvmb‡K›`ª Ges GKwU DbœZ kni| †lvok kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS cvÄiv, †NvovNvU, ZvRcyi, evieKvev` I RbœZvev‡`i Askwe‡kl wb‡q w`bvRcyi Rwg`vwi MwVZ nq| G mgqB w`bvRcyi bvgwUi cÖPjb nq Ges †NvovNv‡Ui ¸iæZ¡ K‡g wM‡q µ‡g w`bvRcyi DbœZ Rbc` I w`bvRcyi iv‡R¨i kvmb‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| †lvok kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K Kvkx ev †gvnšÍ ev †MvmvB bv‡g R‰bK mvaycyiæl w`bvRcyi Rwg`vwii cÖwZôv K‡ib| D³ mvaycyiæl Zvi R‰bK wkl¨ kªxgšÍ `Ë †PŠayix‡K Rwg`vwi `vb K‡ib| kªxgšÍ `Ë †PŠayixi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi †`ŠwnÎ ïK‡`e ivq (1642-1677)-G Rwg`vwii `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| my`xN© 25 ermi `ÿZvi m‡½ Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv K‡i 1677 wLª÷v‡ã ïK‡`e ivq ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci ZviB wØZxq cyÎ Rq‡`e cuvP ermi Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Rq‡`‡ei g„Zz¨i ci Zvi †QvU fvB cÖvYbv_ Rwg`vwii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges 40 ermie¨vcx `ÿZvi m‡½ Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cÖvYbv‡_i (1682-1722) g„Zz¨i ci Zvi `ËK cyÎ ivgbv_ ivq evsjvi myev`vi‡K 4,21,450 UvKv bRivbv w`‡q w`bvRcy‡ii Rwg`vi nb| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, ivgbv_ VvKziMuv‡qi wbK‡U †Mvwe›`bMi Rwg`vwi `Lj K‡i ¯^xq Rwg`vwii AšÍfz©³ K‡ib| Uv½b I cybf©ev b`xi g‡a¨ ms‡hvMKvix ivg`uvov Lvj, ivgbMi (kni) Ges ivgmvMi bvgK wekvj `xwN wbg©vY K‡ib| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ ˆe`¨bv_ (1760-1780) cÖvq 20 ermi G Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 1780 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv ˆe`¨bv_ wbtmšÍvb Ae¯’vq ci‡jvK Mgb Ki‡j Zvi ¯¿x mi¯^Zx ivavbv_ bvgK R‰bK evjK‡K `ËKcyÎ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib Ges bvevjK Rwg`v‡ii AwffvweKv wn‡m‡e Rwg`vwi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GKmgq ivavbv_ Rwg`vwii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡jI Rwg`vwii BRviv`vi †`ex wms‡ni ZË¡veav‡b Rwg`vwi Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi d‡j cÖRv †kvlY Ges Drcxob e„w× cvq| Rwg`vwii Ae¯’v †f‡½ c‡o| 1800 wLª÷v‡ãi †k‡li w`‡K cÖvq m¤ú~Y© Rwg`vwiB nvZQvov n‡q hvq Ges cvIbv`vi‡`i f‡q ivRv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wb‡Ri N‡iB M„ne›`xi Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1801 wLª÷v‡ã gvÎ 24 ermi eq‡m ivavbv_ ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| ivavbv‡_i g„Zz¨i ci w`bvRcy‡ii gnvivRvi Rwg`vwi µ‡g µ‡g wejyß nq| ivRv ivavbv‡_i g„Zz¨i ci Zvi weaev cZœx cÖvYmy›`ix `ËK cyÎiƒ‡c †Mvwe›`bv_‡K MÖnY K‡ib 1817 wLª÷v‡ã| ivRv †Mvwe›`bv‡_i g„Zz¨ nq 1841 wLª÷v‡ã| ivRv †Mvwe›`bv‡_i g„Zz¨i ci w`bvRcyi ivRRwg`vwii fvi b¨¯Í nq Zvi cyÎ ivRv ZviKbv‡_i Dci| ivRv ZviKbv‡_i g„Zz¨ nq 1865 wLª÷v‡ã| ivRv ZviKbv‡_i g„Zz¨i ci Zvi weaev cZœx k¨vg‡gvwnbx †`ex Rwg`vwi †`Lvïbvi `vwqZ¡fvi †`evi Rb¨ `ËK cyÎ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib wMwiRvbv_‡K| ivRv wMwiRvbv‡_i g„Zz¨ nq 1919 wLª÷v‡ã| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ RM`xkbv_ w`bvRcyi ivRRwg`vwii fvi †bb| ivRv RM`xkbv‡_i cyÎ Rjwabv_, wZwb Aí eq‡mB gviv hvb| 1947 wLª÷v‡ã †`kfv‡Mi ci RM`xkbv_ †mB mg‡qi c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †Q‡o fviZ P‡j hvb Ges 1962 wLª÷v‡ã Zvi g„Zz¨ nq|

D‡jøL¨ †h, 1765 wLª÷v‡ã B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb myev evsjvi cÖkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡fvi jvf K‡i| w`bvRcyi †Rjv B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Aaxbfz³ nq| 1769 wLª÷v‡ã w`bvRcyi m`‡i G‡m Dcw¯’Z nb cÖej cÖZvckvjx B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ZË¡veavqK GBP. KU‡ij Ges †mB m‡½ m~wPZ nq w`bvRcyi †Rjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi †MvovcËb| 1770 wLª÷v‡ã B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi †dvU© DBwjqvg¯’ cÖavb f¨vwÝ÷vU©-Gi wi‡cvU© †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, GB mgq †_‡KB w`bvRcyi kn‡ii AvaywbK AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb cÖwµqvi Kvh©µg m~wPZ nq| jÿ¨ Kievi welq †h, GB mg‡q w`bvRcyi ivR bv‡ggvÎ we`¨gvb _v‡K Ges 1780 wLª÷v‡ã ivRv ˆe`¨bv‡_i g„Zz¨i ciciB B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi KwgwU Ae †iwfwbD w`bvRcyi ivR cwievi‡K Zv‡`i f~-m¤úwË †`Lv‡kvbv Kivi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i Ges †`ex wmsn‡K AZ¨šÍ Povnv‡i `yB eQ‡ii Rb¨ †g 1781 wLª÷vã †_‡K GwcÖj 1783 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ivR¯^ e‡›`ve¯Í K‡i| AwZwi³ nv‡i ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †`ex wmsn w`bvRcyi A‡j K…lK I Ab¨vb¨‡`i Dci bvbv iKg AZ¨vPvi I †RviRei`w¯Í ïiæ Ki‡j GB A‡j wek„•Ljv Ges wnsmvZ¥K K…lK we‡ÿvf †`Lv †`q| RbM‡Yi wek„•Ljv I we‡`ªv‡ni ga¨ w`‡q 1786 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR Kv‡jKUi RR© n¨v‡Pi AvMg‡b ïiæ nq w`bvRcyi †Rjvi bZzb hvÎv| w`bvRcyi GKwU cÖkvmwbK †Rjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

Aóv`k kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M weªwUk kvmb I †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× K…lK I KvwiMi‡`i we‡`ªvn N‡U| hv ÔdwKi mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1787 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ evsjvi dwKi m¤cÖ`v‡qi `jcwZ kvn g¯Ívb †evinvbv DËi-evsjvi we¯ÍxY© A‡j weªwUk-we‡ivax ZrciZvq wjß wQ‡jb| GB mg‡q gRby kvn, †`ex †PŠayivbx, fevwb cvVK, cwÊZ kvn cÖgyL cÖRvwe‡`ªv‡ni ÿxY wkLvwU‡K AwMœgkv‡j †Z‡Rv`xß K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, gRby kv‡ni `‡j cÖvq cÂvk nvRvi †jvK wQj| w`bvRcy‡ii dwKicvov, wPwiie›`i Ges †ev`vi Aaxb ˆeKzÉcyi R½‡j gRby kv‡ni `‡ji †Mvcb AvÇv wQj| GB †`k‡cÖwgK we‡`ªvnxiv Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡Q ivR¯^ cÖ`v‡b wb‡lavÁv Rvix K‡i MÖv‡g MÖv‡g cÖRv‡`i g‡a¨ wecø‡ei evYx Qwo‡q w`Z| Zuv‡`i im` †hvMv‡bvi Rb¨ w`bvRcy‡ii RbmvaviY wWs LiPv bv‡g GKcÖKvi Ki cÖ`vb K‡i mnvqZv Ki‡Zb| w`bvRcy‡ii ivYxgvZv mi¯^Zx cÖKv‡k¨ GB dwKi I mbœ¨vmx we‡`ªvnx‡`i mg_©b `vb K‡ib|

1857 wLª÷v‡ãi wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni c~‡e© GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv cybiæ×v‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g †h mk¯¿ Afz¨Ìvb N‡UwQj †mwU n‡”Q gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb| 1822 wLª÷v‡ã msMwVZ gyRvwn` evwnbxi AwabvqK wQ‡jb ˆmq` Avn¤§` †e‡ijfx| ZrKvjxb w`bvRcy‡ii hyeK‡`i g‡a¨ GB Av‡›`vjb `ªæZ RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| wPwiie›`i GjvKvq gyRvwn` wecø‡ei Ask wn‡m‡e ivR¯^cÖ`vb-we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb mgMÖ DËie‡½i g‡a¨ e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡iwQj| †mB mgq GB ÔivR¯^cÖ`vb-we‡ivax Av‡›`vjbÕ-Gi `ytmvnwmK †bZv wQ‡jb ZKx †gvnv¤§` miKvi I †gŠjvbv kvn †gvnv¤§`| 1848 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi ga¨eZx© mg‡q ÔInvex Av‡›`vjbÕ M‡o D‡V| Invex Av‡›`vjb g~jZ gyRvwn` Av‡›`vj‡bi cieZx© aviv| w`bvRcyi A‡j Invex‡`i cÖavb Av¯Ívbv wQj w`bvRcyi kni| ZvQvov GB †Rjvi †LvjvnvwU, bqvev`, cv‡KinvU, wPwiie›`i, wkecyi, evjyiNvU, †cvk©v, mbMuv cÖf…wZ A‡j Invex‡`i Av¯Ívbv M‡o D‡VwQj| w`bvRcy‡i ÔInvex Av‡›`vjbÕ †K›`ª¸wji ZË¡veavqK wQ‡jb †gŠjvbv Kig Avjx kvn| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ ZrKvjxb Bs‡iR-we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb cÖLiZv jvf K‡i|

1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni cÖwZ GB †Rjvi gvby‡li cÖej mg_©b wQj| w`bvRcy‡i †Mvc‡b K‡qKRb †gŠjvbv weªwUk miKv‡ii weiæ‡× †Rjvevmx‡`i we‡`ªv‡ni c‡ÿ RvwM‡q †Zv‡jb| we‡`ªv‡ni mgq w`bvRcy‡ii K‡qKRb †gŠjvbv‡K weªwUk miKvi AvUK K‡i| Zv‡`i wbKU we‡`ªvn msµvšÍ K‡qKwU wPwV cvIqv hvq| 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi 5B wW‡m¤^i iv‡Z w`bvRcy‡ii c~e© mxgv‡šÍ RjcvB¸woi GKv`k AwbqwgZ Ak¦v‡ivnx wmcvnx`j AvKw¯§Kfv‡e we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i Ges G Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbxi GKRb wimvj`vimn 50 Rb Ak¦v‡ivnx †mbv w`bvRcy‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| GB mgq 1857 wLª÷v‡ãi 10B wW‡m¤^i K¨v‡Þb d«vqv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ †Kv¤úvwbi †bŠ‡mbviv w`bvRcyi †Rjvq †mbvQvDbx ¯’vcb K‡i| we‡`ªvnx GKv`k AwbqwgZ Ak¦v‡ivnx wmcvnx`j MÖvgevmx‡`i KvQ †_‡K w`bvRcy‡i †Kv¤úvwbi †bŠ‡mbv‡`i AvMg‡bi Lei †c‡q Zv‡`i MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i gvj`‡ni w`‡K AMÖmi nq| AZtci 1885 wLª÷v‡ãi 1jv b‡f¤^i ivYx wf‡±vwiqv GK ivRKxq †NvlYvq G †Rjvmn weªwUk fviZe‡l©i kvmbÿgZv ¯^n‡¯Í MÖnY K‡i| Gi d‡j w`bvRcy‡i †Kv¤úvwbi kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

Ebwesk kZvãxi m~Pbv †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ w`bvRcyi †Rjvi wkÿv cwiw¯’wZi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, 1807-1808 wLª÷v‡ã w`bvRcyi †Rjv‡Z 19wU cvVkvjv wQj wn›`y-gymjgvb Qv·`i Rb¨| 1844 wLª÷v‡ã wgW&j fvb©vKzjvi ¯‹zj (evsjv ¯‹zj); 1854 wLª÷v‡ã w`bvRcyi wRjv ¯‹zj; 1869 wLª÷v‡ã Mvjm© ¯‹zj; 1870 wLª÷v‡ã w`bvRcyi ms¯‹…Z gnvwe`¨vjq Ges 1887 wLª÷v‡ã gnvivYx wf‡±vwiqvi ivR‡Z¡i cÂvk eQi c~wZ©‡Z ivRevwo GjvKvq cÖwZôv cvq Rywewj wgW&j fvb©vKzjvi ¯‹zj|

Ebwesk kZvãxi †klfv‡M G‡m w`bvRcyi †Rjvq wkí-mvwnZ¨ PP©vq bvU¨cÖwZôvb, †cÖm I cwÎKvi ms‡hvRb N‡U| w`bvRcy‡ii gnvivRv wMwiRvbv_ ivq 1879 wLª÷v‡ã ÔKwnbyi w_‡qUviÕ bv‡g GKwU bvU¨ms¯’v ¯’vcb K‡ib wb‡Ri ivRevwo‡Z| 1885 wLª÷v‡ã m„wó nq w`bvRcy‡ii wØZxq bvU¨ms¯’v ÔWvqgÛ Rywewj w_‡qUvi †Kv¤úvwbÕ| 1885 wLª÷v‡ã kn‡ii MiænvwU GjvKvq ¯’vwcZ nq w`bvRcy‡ii cÖ_g QvcvLvbv Ô‡mb‡cÖmÕ| †m eQiB †mLvb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i gvwmK Ôw`bvRcyi cwÎKvÕ| H eQiB w`bvRcy‡i Kg©iZ e„wUk Awdmvi-Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ nq Ô‡÷kb K¬veÕ| GQvov w`bvRcy‡ii ¯’vbxq Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw`bvRcyi wgDwbwmc¨vwjwUÕ (1869) I Ôw`bvRcyi wWw÷ª± †evW©Õ (1887)| ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vwcZ nq Ôw`bvRcyi wWm‡cÝvwiÕ (1862); Ôw`bvRcyi cywjk nvmcvZvjÕ (1872) Ges Ôw`bvRcyi m`i nvmcvZvjÕ (1872)|

D‡jøL¨ †h, Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gfvM †_‡K w`bvRcyi †Rjvq Pvjy nq WvKniKiv e¨e¯’v| 1870 wLª÷v‡ãi †k‡l ¯’vwcZ nq †UwjMÖvd jvBb| 1884 wLª÷v‡ã Ôb_©-B÷ d«w›Uqvi †ij †Kv¤úvwbÕi Aax‡b cve©Zxcyi †_‡K w`bvRcyi kni ch©šÍ Ges 1896 wLª÷v‡ã KvwUnvi ch©šÍ †ijjvBb ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q G‡Rjvq ïiæ nq †ijhvÎx cwienb| w`bvRcyi kn‡ii m‡½ KjKvZvi mivmwi ¯’jc_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| G‡Z K‡i KjKvZv †Kej ivRv-gnvivRv‡`i bq, ga¨we‡ËiI bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ P‡j Av‡m| d‡j AvaywbKZvi m‡½ w`bvRcy‡ii RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ I mve©Rbxb Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖv_wgK m~Î iwPZ nq|

1885 wLª÷v‡ã wbwLj fviZ Ks‡MÖm MwVZ n‡j 1890 mv‡j w`bvRcy‡i wbwLj fviZ Ks‡MÖm KwgwUi kvLv MwVZ nq| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb kªx gvae P‡Ævcva¨vq, kªx ci‡gk¦i `uv, kªx ivLvj †mb| 1905 wLª÷v‡ã Ôe½f½Õ AvBb cvk n‡j w`bvRcy‡i GK Pig D‡ËRbv I DÏxcbvi m„wó nq| ivLx e܇bi bv‡g wekvj Rbmfvq ZrKvjxb w`bvRcy‡ii nvRvi nvRvi wn›`y, gymjgvb, wLª÷vb H mfvq †hvM w`‡q GK gnvwgjb Rbmgy‡`ª AeMvnb K‡i Ges Hw`b w`bvRcy‡i niZvj cvwjZ nq| Ôe½f½Õ Av‡›`vj‡bi ci 1914 wLª÷v‡ã mvivwe‡k¦ cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ m~wPZ n‡j w`bvRcy‡iI weªwUk †L`vI Av‡›`vjb Zxeª AvKvi aviY K‡i| †mB mg‡q GB Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b wewcbP›`ª cvj I kªx ivg we‡bv`| Zvic‡iB w`bvRcy‡ii WvqgÛ Rywewj n‡j GK ivR‰bwZK mfvq K…lK †bZv G.†K dRjyj nK e³…Zv K‡ib| 1920 wLª÷v‡ã w`bvRcy‡ii ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m me©v‡cÿv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv n‡”Q †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi AvMgb| Ks‡MÖ‡mi kvwšÍc~Y© Av‡›`vj‡bi cvkvcvwk wVK †mB mg‡q w`bvRcy‡i Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× Ô‡LjvdZ Av‡›`vjbÕ †eMevb nq| Gi †bZ…Z¡ †`b †gŠjvbv GwKbDÏxb Avn¤§`, †gŠjvbv Iqv‡n` †nv‡mb, †gŠjvbv Kv‡`i eL&m, †gŠjvbv Avãyjøvn-†nj-evKx, †gŠjvbv Avãyjøvn-†nj-Kvwd, †gŠjvbv Avãyi ingvb ˆm`x, gwbi DÏxb AvbIqvix cÖgyL| 1920-30 Gi g‡a¨ †gŠjvbv Avãyjøvn-†nj-evKxÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ †LjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi GKwU kvLv ÔInvex Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g Rwg`vi‡`i weiæ‡× msNe× n‡q BDwbqb †evW© ¯’vcb I †PŠwK`vix U¨v· av‡h©i weiæ‡× mivmwi K…lK‡`i Av‡›`vj‡b cÖfvweZ K‡i| GB mgq K…lK Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi iƒc jvf Ki‡j w`bvRcyi †Rjvq ÔQwÎk Av‡›`vjbÕ msMwVZ nq| ÔQwÎk Av‡›`vjbÕ g~jZ QwÎk RvwZ Ges QwÎk MÖv‡gi mw¤§wjZ msMÖvg| †hLv‡b Rwg`vi, my`‡Lvi gnvRb I weªwUk Avgjv‡`i AZ¨vPvi, AwePvi I Ryjy‡gi weiæ‡× KwVb cÖwZev` M‡o †Zvjv nq| Avw`evmx I ivReskx GB `yB RvwZ wQj GB Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖvYkw³| GQvov w`bvRcyi †Rjvi exiMÄ, Kvnv‡ivj, †evPvMÄ, Lvbmvgv GB Pvi _vbvq 1924-25 Gi g‡a¨ M‡o D‡V cÖRvi MvQKvUv Av‡›`vjb| †h Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj Rwg`v‡ii AbygwZ Qvov K…lK‡`i emZevwoi MvQ KvUvi ¯^vaxbZv| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡iB 1927-28 mv‡ji g‡a¨ w`bvRcyi †Rjvi K…lKiv Ki e‡Üi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j †bZv wQ‡jb †gŠjvbv dR‡j nK| 1924-32 ch©šÍ w`bvRcy‡i M‡o D‡V †PŠwK`vix U¨v· e‡Üi Av‡›`vjb| GB Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡qwQj weij _vbvq| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb muvIZvj m`©vi cvo– nuvm`v| 1927 wLª÷v‡ã e½xq K…lKcÖRv cvwU© MwVZ n‡j w`bvRcy‡iI Gi kvLv MwVZ nq| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †gŠjvbv Avãyjøvn-†nj-evKx I †gŠjvbv dR‡j nK| 1935 wLª÷v‡ã jL‡bŠ kn‡i AbywôZ nq me©fviZxq K…lK m‡¤§jb| hvi d‡j 1937 wLª÷v‡ã cÖwZôv cvq evsjvi ÔK…lK mwgwZÕ| 1937-38 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨B w`bvRcy‡ii MÖv‡g MÖv‡g ÔK…lK mwgwZÕ Kvh©Ki wQj| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb Kvjx miKvi, mykxj †mb, emšÍjvj P¨vUvw¾©, AwRZ ivq, Rbv`©b fÆvPvh©¨, ¸iæ`vm ZvjyK`vi, nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk cÖgyL †bZv| 1939 wLª÷vã †_‡K ÔK…lK mwgwZÕ w`bvRcy‡ii K…lK m¤cÖ`vq‡K bZzb c_ †`Lvq| hvi d‡j M‡o D‡V Avwaqvi Av‡›`vjb| 1939-45 ch©šÍ 2q wek¦hy× PjvKv‡j mvivwe‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv fviZe‡l©I ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK g›`v †`Lv †`q| Gici 1943 wLª÷v‡ã †`Lv †`q Ôgš^šÍiÕ| `ywf©‡ÿi Kivj MÖvm w`bvRcy‡iI †`Lv †`q| †RvZ`vi-gnvRb Øviv K…lKiv †kvlY I eÂbvq wK¬ó n‡Z _v‡Kb| Gi d‡j 1946-47 mv‡j Ô‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjbÕ Zxeª n‡q I‡V| w`bvRcyi †Rjvq †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb R½xiƒc aviY K‡i| Ô‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vj‡bÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb GB †Rjvi mykxj †mb, AwRZ ivq, ¸iæ`vm ZvjyK`vi, nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk cÖgyL|

1945 wLª÷v‡ã GB †Rjvi cÖL¨vZ †bZv †gŠjvbv Avãyjøvn-†nj-evKx gymwjg jx‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib| ¯’vbxq †bZv‡`i AK¬všÍ cÖ‡Póvi d‡j w`bvRcy‡ii gymjgvbMY cvwK¯Ívb AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi cZvKvZ‡j mg‡eZ nq| 1946 wLª÷v‡ãi cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b me¸wj gymwjg Avm‡bB gymwjg jxM cÖv_©xiv weRqx nb| djZ 1947 mv‡ji 14B AvM÷ fviZ wefw³i ci cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôv cvq|

D‡jøL¨ †h wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g †_‡K ga¨fvM ch©šÍ †`Lv hvq, w`bvRcyi A‡ji ms¯‹…wZ I wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Ôw`bvRcyi bvU¨mwgwZÕi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| GB bvU¨ms¯’vwU 1913 wLª÷v‡ã cÖwZwôZ nq| 1941-Gi c~‡e© w`bvRcy‡i †Kv‡bv K‡jR wQj bv| 1942 wLª÷v‡ã Awef³ cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k wØZxq wek¦hy×Kvjxb KjKvZvi wicb K‡jRwU ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kivi e¨e¯’v †bIqv n‡j w`bvRcy‡i H K‡jRwUi GKwU kvLv cÖwZwôZ nq| †mB K‡j‡Ri ZrKvjxb Aa¨ÿ wQ‡jb w`bvRcy‡ii K…wZ mšÍvb iex›`ªbvivqY †Nvl| 1948 wLª÷v‡ã H kvLv K‡jRwU my‡i›`ªbv_ K‡jR bv‡g cÖwZôv cvq, hvi Aa¨ÿ wQ‡jb cÖL¨vZ `vk©wbK wR.wm †`e, hv c‡i 1968 mv‡j miKvwiKi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q w`bvRcyi miKvwi K‡jR bvg aviY K‡i|

1947 wLª÷v‡ã †`k wefv‡Mi ci †_‡KB mv‡eK c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Z_v c~e© evsjvi RbM‡Yi g‡b Z`vbxšÍb †K›`ªxq kvmK m¤cÖ`v‡qi ˆelg¨ I †kvlYg~jK bxwZ I AvPi‡Yi d‡j Zxeª †ÿv‡fi mÂvi n‡Z _v‡K| msL¨vMwiô cÖ‡`k c~e© evsjvi gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv evsjv‡K D‡cÿv K‡i mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ GKgvÎ D`y© ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYvi d‡j c~e© evsjvi ZiæY, wkwÿZ I eyw×Rxex mgvR cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii GB GKZidv I AMYZvwš¿K wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× iæ‡L `uvovq| ïiæ nq ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb; hv cieZx©Kv‡j ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi wfwË e‡j MY¨ nq| ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bI w`bvRcyi AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GB Av‡›`vj‡b †Rjvq †bZ…Z¡ †`b Gm.G.evix GwU, b~iæj û`v Kv‡`i eKm&, `wjj DÏxb Avng`, Avm‡j DÏxb Avn¤§`, Avãyj nvwdR, bvwmg †PŠayix, dinv` Avng`, `weiæj Bmjvg, Avãyj nK, gBbywÏb Avn¤§`, †Zvdv¾j †nv‡mb †ZvRv, gvngy` †gvKviig †nv‡mb cÖgyL|

1948-50 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡ ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b K…lK Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| w`bvRcy‡i Ô‡ZfvMv Av‡›`vjbÕ AviI †Rvi`vi n‡q D‡V| GB K…lK Av‡›`vjb `gb Kivi Rb¨ Ôgymwjg jxMÕ miKvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I K…lK Av‡›`vj‡bi eû mn‡hvMx‡`i bvbv †KŠk‡j e›`x K‡i| GB mg‡q K…lK †bZv nvRx †gvnv¤§` `v‡bk‡K w`bvRcyi †_‡K e›`x K‡i ivRkvnx KvivMv‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| d‡j K…lK‡`i gv‡S ZrKvjxb ÿgZvmxb gymwjg jxM miKvi we‡ivax g‡bvfve µgvš^‡q Zxeª †ÿv‡fi mÂvi K‡i|

1949 wLª÷v‡ãi Ryb gv‡m XvKvq cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii AMYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve, cÿcvZg~jK miKvix bxwZ I gymwjg jx‡Mi åvšÍ bxwZi cÖwZev‡` gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxÕi †bZ…‡Z¡ ÔAvIqvgx gymjxg jxMÕ MwVZ nq| Gic‡iB gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx w`bvRcy‡i mvsMVwbK md‡i G‡j w`bvRcy‡ii iwngDÏxb DwK‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ w`bvRcy‡i cÖ_g we‡ivax `‡ji AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U|

1954 wLª÷v‡ãi wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii †kvPbxq civRq N‡U Ges †`‡k AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lKcÖRv cvwU©, †bRv‡g Bmjvg I MYZš¿x cvwU©i mgš^‡q MwVZ hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i Ges G.†K dRjyj nK cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡`i †bZv wbe©vwPZ nb| GB mgq w`bvRcy‡ii †bZv dR‡j nK I iwngDÏxb DwKj Gg.Gj.G wbe©vwPZ nb|

1958 wLª÷v‡ã cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK kvmb cÖewZ©Z n‡j w`bvRcy‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v m„wó nq| Gici 1960 mv‡j AvBqye Lv‡bi Ô‡gŠwjK MYZš¿Õ kvmb e¨e¯’vi ixwZ cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖewZ©Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ †Rjvi g‡Zv w`bvRcy‡ii cÖMwZev`x ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK Kgx©‡`i cÖKvk¨ Kg©KvÊ Ae¨vnZ ivLv `yiƒn n‡q c‡o| Z_vwc 1961 mv‡j AvBqye miKvi iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔRb¥kZ evwl©KxÕ D`&hvcb eÜ K‡i w`‡jI G †Rjvi cÖMwZcš’x †bZv I ms¯‹…wZ Kgx©iv Zv cvjb K‡ib|

1965 wLª÷v‡ã cvK-fviZ hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ c‡e© w`bvRcy‡ii QvÎ-QvÎx-RbZv wgwjUvwi †Uªwbs, wmwfj wW‡dÝ †Uªwbs, dv÷© GBW †Uªwbs, Avbmvi-gyRvwn` †Uªwbs MÖnY K‡ib| 1966 wLª÷v‡ãi †deªæqvwi gv‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi jv‡nv‡i AbywôZ we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi m‡¤§j‡b †kL gywReyi ingvb 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †ck K‡ib| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †`Lv †`q MYRvMiY| D³ 6 `dv Kg©m~wP RbM‡Yi gv‡S bZzb †PZbv mÂvi K‡i Ges we¶zä Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g Zv RbMY‡K ¯^vaxKv‡ii cÖ‡kœ HK¨e× K‡i †Zv‡j|

†kL gywReyi ingvb DÌvwcZ 6 `dvi `vexi wfwˇZ Av‡›`vjb µgk †eMevb n‡j 11 gvm †R‡j _vKvi ci wZwb (gywRe) 1968 mv‡ji 17B Rvbyqvwi †eKmyi Lvjvm †c‡jI cybivq AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvq †MÖdZvi n‡q XvKv †mbvwbev‡mi GKwU K‡ÿ Ave× _v‡Kb| hvi d‡j RbRxe‡b eû we‡ÿvf cywÄf~Z n‡Z _v‡K| †mB cywÄf~Z Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`q 11 `dvi wfwˇZ me©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`| GB mgq w`bvRcy‡ii QvÎmn mKj ¯Í‡ii RbZv GB msMÖv‡g Rwo‡q c‡ob|

1968 wLª÷v‡ãi b‡f¤^i gvm †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ÔMYAv‡›`vjbÕ wfwËK msMÖvg ïiæ nq| 1968Õi 3iv b‡f¤^i cëb gq`v‡bi GK Rbmfvq e³…Zv K‡ib gvIjvbv fvmvbx| wZwb miKv‡ii Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i GK D‡ËRK fvl‡Y RbMY‡K ¯^vaxKv‡ii msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡ib| 1968 wLª÷v‡ãi 9B wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb w`bvRcy‡i Av‡mb Ges GK Rbmfvq wZwb ¶zä, D‡ËwRZ fvlvq †NvlYv K‡ib, Ôwe‡ivax`‡ji wew”QbœZvev`x Kvh©Kjvc eÜ Ki‡ZB n‡e| †Kbbv miKvi †`k‡K wef³ n‡Z w`‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ G †_‡KB evOvwj ˆPZ‡b¨ ¯^vaxKv‡ii †PZbv cÖej n‡q I‡V| dj¯^iƒc, 1968 mv‡ji 13B wW‡m¤^i 144 aviv f½ K‡i w`bvRcyimn mviv‡`‡k niZvj cvwjZ nq| GB mgq w`bvRcy‡ii mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI RbZvi cv‡k G‡m `uvovq Ges Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|

cvwK¯Ívb kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ 1969 wLª÷v‡ãi 10B gvP© ivIqvjwcwÛ‡Z ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡`i †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK m¤úbœ nq| H ˆeV‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb cybivq 6 `dv I 11 `dv `vexi wfwˇZ ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi `vex DÌvcb K‡ib| wKš‘ GB `vex AMÖvn¨ n‡j †kL gywRe ˆeVK eR©b K‡ib| Gfv‡eB Av‡jvPbv e¨_© nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ AvBqye Lv‡bi ÿgZv iÿvi †kl cÖ‡PóvI wedj nq| †kl ch©šÍ wZwb †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib| †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv 1969 mv‡ji 25†k gvP© ÿgZv MÖnY K‡i cybivq mvgwiK kvmb Rvix K‡ib| AZtci ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi `vexi cÖwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z GK †eZvi fvl‡Y wZwb cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RbcÖwZwbwai nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| ZLb AvIqvgx jxMmn Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv ¯^-¯^ †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z _v‡K| GB mg‡q w`bvRcy‡ii wkíx-mgvR evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i c‡ÿ w`bvRcyi Bbw÷wUDU gv‡V cÖvq cÖwZw`b bvbvcÖKvi †PZbv-RvMvwbqv MYm½xZ, Ave„wË, bvUK BZ¨vw` mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©KvÊ cwi‡ekb K‡i| GB mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kvʸ‡jv VvKziMuvI-cÂMo ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj|

1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 3iv gvP© Zvwi‡L XvKvq AbywôZe¨ RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb‡K 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 1 gvP© Zvwi‡L GK †NvlYvi gva¨‡g †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j mg¯Í c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY †ÿv‡f †d‡U c‡ob| 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 7B gvP© XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b HwZnvwmK Rbmfvq †kL gywReyi ingvb ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ e‡j e¨vcK ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b|

bwRiwenxb niZv‡j mg¯Í c~e© cvwK¯Ívb hLb ¯Íä n‡q hvq ZLb Bqvwnqv Lvb I c‡i RyjwdKvi Avjx fz‡Æv †kL gywReyi ingvb I Ab¨vb¨ AvIqvgx jxM †bZv‡`i m‡½ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ XvKvq AvMgb K‡ib| Av‡jvPbvq APjve¯’vi m„wó nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kv‡qgx ¯^v_©ev`x †Mvôxi Pv‡c Bqvwnqv Lvb I mvgwiK Avgjviv RbM‡Yi ivq‡K D‡cÿv K‡i MYcÖwZwbwa‡`i nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Mwogwm Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges ivR‰bwZK †evSvcov I Av‡jvPbvi cÖ”Qbœ QÎQvqvq mvgwiK e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ m¤úbœ K‡i| Ae‡k‡l 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 25†k gv‡P©i ga¨iv‡Z XvKv Ges cÖvq meKwU †Rjv kn‡i wbi¯¿ mvaviY gvby‡li weiæ‡× BwZnv‡mi GK N„Y¨ MYnZ¨v Awfhvb ïiæ K‡i| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Zvi evmv †_‡K e›`x K‡i cvK‡mbvevwnbx cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡q hvq| d‡j ïiæ nq cvëv cÖwZ‡iva I gyw³ msMÖvg| †`‡ki Avevj-e„×-ewbZv ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o| nZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q jÿ jÿ †jvK fvi‡Z Avkªq MÖnY K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g e„nËi w`bvRcyi †Rjvi Ae`vb wQj †MŠiegq| mxgvšÍ †Rjv wn‡m‡e GKw`‡K †hgb G †Rjvq nvbv`vi cvKevwnbxi †jvKej I A¯¿k¯¿ wQj Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaK; †Zgwb Zv‡`i mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e AevOvwj RbmvaviY G †Rjvq gyw³ msMÖvg‡K K‡i Zz‡jwQj KwVbZi Ges `xN©¯’vqx| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I Ab¨vb¨ †Rjvi g‡Zv G †Rjvi msMÖvgx RbMY M‡o Zz‡jwQj GK kw³kvjx cÖwZ‡iva evwnbx| mxgvšÍ †Rjv wn‡m‡e w`bvRcyi BwcAvi evwnbxi cÖvq cuvPkZ evOvwj m`m¨ 25†k gvP© w`bvRcy‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQj| d‡j cvKevwnbxi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv A‡bKUv mnRZi nq| gyw³hy‡× w`bvRcy‡ii cÖwZ‡iva I msMÖv‡gi AmsL¨ NUbv i‡q‡Q| 28†k gvP© Zvwi‡L me©cÖKvi A¯¿k‡¯¿ mw¾Z cÖvq GKkZ m`‡m¨i cvKevwnbxi weiæ‡× cÖZ¨ÿ msMÖv‡g RbZv, BwcAvi I †mbvevwnbxi m`m¨‡`i mw¤§wjZ cÖwZ‡iva evwnbx GK †MŠiegq msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡i| Zviv KzwVevwo‡Z Aew¯’Z BwcAvi evwnbxi DBs Ges †m±i †nW‡KvqvU©vi `Lj K‡i †bq| †mw`b KzwVevwo `L‡ji d‡j cvK‡mbv‡`i A‡bK A¯¿k¯¿ gyw³evwnbxi `L‡j P‡j Av‡m| gyw³evwnbxi weiæ‡× GKBw`b cvK evwnbxi ˆmb¨iv cybivq AvµgY Pvjvevi e¨_© cÖqvm Pvjvq| 3/4 w`b hver LÊhy‡× e¨¯Í _vKvi ci gyw³evwnbxi Avµg‡Y wUuK‡Z bv †c‡i 31†k gvP© cvK‡mbviv iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i w`bvRcyi †_‡K cvwj‡q hvq| c‡_ G‡`i A‡b‡KB RbZvi nv‡Z wbnZ nq| wKš‘ 13 GwcÖj cvKevwnbxi U¨vsK I AvwU©jvwi evwnbxi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vcK AvµgY Pvjv‡j gyw³evwnbx wcQz n‡U †h‡Z eva¨ nq| †mw`b mܨvi c~‡e©B cvKevwnbx w`bvRcyi cyb`©Lj K‡i †bq| Zvici G‡K G‡K gyw³evwnbxi wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi Dci Zv‡`i AvµgY ïiæ nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î cvKevwnbx wegvb Avµg‡Yi mvnvh¨ †bq| GwcÖj gv‡mi 17/18 Zvwi‡L weij Ges 20/21 Zvwi‡L wK‡kvixMÄ gyw³evwnbxi nvZQvov n‡q hvq| cvKevwnbx G mKj GjvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡i e¨vcK aŸsmjxjv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| GZ`m‡Ë¡I gyw³evwnbxi Awfhvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| cvKevwnbxi m‡½ Zv‡`i †h mKj msNl© n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ dzjevwo, †`exMÄ, exiMÄ, Lvbmvgv, `kgvBj, VvKziMuvI, cÂMo, fvZMuvI, fzwlie›`i, P¤úvZjx, ˆmq`cyi, wK‡kvixMÄ, wnwj cÖf…wZ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G †Rjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cvKevwnbx e¨vcK aŸsmjxjv Pvwj‡qwQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I G †Rjvi gyw³cvMj RbZv, BwcAvi evwnbx Ges cvKevwnbxi evOvwj m`m¨MY 9 gvm hver †h cÖPÊ cÖwZ‡iva Ges gyw³msMÖvg cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj Zv wPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡e| GLv‡b GKwU welq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †h, G †Rjvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AÂj †hgb− febcyi, mgMÖ gyw³msMÖvg Kv‡jB m¤ú~Y© kÎægy³ wQj|

1971 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖj gv‡m wbe©vwPZ MYcÖwZwbwaMY ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg‡K A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ Ges ZvRywÏb Avng`‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i gywRebM‡i MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi MVb K‡ib| 9 gvm i³ÿqx msMÖv‡gi ci evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³evwnbx Ges fviZxq mvgwiK evwnbxi GK hy³ Kgv‡Êi Kv‡Q 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi 16B wW‡m¤^i Zvwi‡L cvwK¯Ív‡bi †mbvbvqK †Rbv‡ij wbqvRx XvKvq igbv gv‡V AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| bq gv‡mi gyw³hy‡×i Aemv‡b ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| evsjv‡`‡ki AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q w`bvRcyi evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU e„nr †Rjvq cwiYZ nq|